1. Origin, Structure, and Molecular Design
1.1 Natural Source and Biochemical Profile
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based lathering representatives are obtained mostly from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from abattoir spin-offs such as hooves, horns, bones, and hides.
Through regulated alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis, these structural proteins are damaged down into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH TWO,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) functional groups.
This dual affinity allows the molecules to adsorb efficiently at air– water interfaces throughout mechanical oygenation, minimizing surface tension and supporting bubble formation– an important demand for producing uniform cellular concrete.
Unlike artificial surfactants, animal healthy protein lathering agents are eco-friendly, non-toxic, and exhibit excellent compatibility with Rose city concrete systems because of their ionic nature and moderate pH buffering capacity.
The molecular weight circulation of the hydrolysate– commonly between 500 and 10,000 Da– straight influences foam stability, drainage price, and bubble dimension, making procedure control throughout hydrolysis crucial for regular performance.
1.2 Foam Generation Mechanism and Microstructure Control
When weakened with water (typically at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and presented into a foam generator, the protein option develops a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear conditions.
This film stands up to coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven growth of bigger bubbles at the expense of smaller ones– by creating a mechanically durable interfacial layer enhanced with hydrogen bonding and electrostatic communications.
The resulting foam shows high expansion proportions (usually 15– 25:1) and reduced drainage rates (
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