1. Origin, Composition, and Molecular Design
1.1 All-natural Resource and Biochemical Account
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based lathering agents are acquired primarily from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from abattoir spin-offs such as unguis, horns, bones, and hides.
With regulated alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis, these architectural proteins are damaged down right into amphiphilic polypeptides rich in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which have both hydrophilic (– NH â,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) functional groups.
This twin fondness enables the molecules to adsorb effectively at air– water interfaces during mechanical aeration, decreasing surface tension and stabilizing bubble development– a critical need for creating uniform cellular concrete.
Unlike artificial surfactants, pet protein frothing agents are naturally degradable, non-toxic, and exhibit outstanding compatibility with Portland concrete systems because of their ionic nature and moderate pH buffering capacity.
The molecular weight circulation of the hydrolysate– typically in between 500 and 10,000 Da– directly influences foam security, drain price, and bubble dimension, making procedure control during hydrolysis crucial for regular efficiency.
1.2 Foam Generation Mechanism and Microstructure Control
When watered down with water (usually at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and introduced into a foam generator, the protein option forms a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear conditions.
This movie stands up to coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven development of bigger bubbles at the expense of smaller sized ones– by creating a mechanically durable interfacial layer enhanced via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic communications.
The resulting foam exhibits high expansion proportions (typically 15– 25:1) and low water drainage rates (
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